1) In VMI, the trading partner or reseller, i.e., Wal-Mart, Safeway, or CVS. 2) In direct consumer, the end customer or user.

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Table of Contents Introduction Africa’s digital commerce sector is entering a defining phase. By 2026, the continent’s online marketplaces are not only competing for consumers but also shaping logistics, payments, and digital trust. With smartphone penetration surpassing 50% and rapid improvements in digital infrastructure, platforms like Jumia, Takealot, Konga, Kilimall,