A concept of offline quality control methods conducted at the product and process design states in the product development cycle. This concept, expressed by Genichi Taguchi, encompasses three phases of product design, parameter design, and tolerance design. The goal is to reduce quality loss by reducing the variability of a product’s characteristics during the parameter phase of product development.
Top Online Marketplaces in Africa: A Complete Guide 2026
October 5, 2025
Table of Contents Introduction Africa’s digital commerce sector is entering a defining phase. By 2026, the continent’s online marketplaces are not only competing for consumers but also shaping logistics, payments, and digital trust. With smartphone penetration surpassing 50% and rapid improvements in digital infrastructure, platforms like Jumia, Takealot, Konga, Kilimall,
